Turkey: a Past and a Future

"Turkey: A Past and a Future" by A.J. Toynbee is a historical account written in the early 20th century. The text explores the complex historical, cultural, and ethnic landscape of Turkey, particularly in the context of its transformation during and after World War I. It delves into the various peoples and civilizations that have shaped Turkey's past, as well as the Ottoman Empire's multifaceted nature, revealing both its historical significance and its contemporary challenges. The opening of the work sets the stage by illustrating Turkey's rich tapestry of landscapes and cities while acknowledging the diverse range of ethnic groups that reside within its borders. Toynbee describes the geographic variety of the region, from the deserts of Mesopotamia to the highlands of Armenia, and discusses the cities that have served as cultural and commercial hubs through the ages, such as Constantinople and Aleppo. He emphasizes the tensions arising from the empire's ethnic diversity and the effects of war and government policies on this intricate societal fabric. Overall, the opening portrays a nation marked by its complexities and contradictions, establishing a foundation for understanding Turkey's past and future. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

Arnold Joseph Toynbee was an English historian, a philosopher of history, an author of numerous books and a research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and King's College London. From 1918 to 1950, Toynbee was considered a leading specialist on international affairs; from 1929 to 1956 he was the Director of Studies at Chatham House, in which position he also produced 34 volumes of the Survey of International Affairs, a "bible" for international specialists in Britain.