The Factors of Organic Evolution

"The Factors of Organic Evolution" by Herbert Spencer is a scientific publication written in the late 19th century. The book discusses the complex processes of biological evolution, emphasizing the interplay between various factors that influence the development of species, including natural selection and inheritance of acquired characteristics. Through its exploration of evolutionary theory, it engages with broader implications for psychology, ethics, and sociology. At the start of this work, the author presents an overview of the chaotic state of scientific opinion regarding organic evolution prior to Darwin's contributions. He reflects on the confusion between creationism and scientific hypotheses and sets the stage for a deeper investigation into how organisms adapt over time. Spencer aims to clarify how both natural selection and the inheritance of functional modifications contribute to the evolutionary process, arguing that neither can explain all phenomena observed in nature on their own. The opening portion lays the groundwork for a more intricate discussion of evolutionary theory, revealing the tensions and debates of the scientific community in the 19th century. (This is an automatically generated summary.)

Herbert Spencer was an English polymath active as a philosopher, psychologist, biologist, sociologist, and anthropologist. Spencer originated the expression "survival of the fittest", which he coined in Principles of Biology (1864) after reading Charles Darwin's 1859 book On the Origin of Species. The term strongly suggests natural selection, yet Spencer saw evolution as extending into realms of sociology and ethics, so he also supported Lamarckism.